Date: November 10, 2026
Fake Medicines have remained a serious concern for healthcare consumers in Pakistan, but a new digital verification system is providing people with another way to check the medicines they purchase. The Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan (DRAP) has urged consumers to use its Mehfooz Dawa application to verify the authenticity and registered prices of medicines before buying them. The system uses 2D barcodes printed on medicine packaging, allowing smartphone users to scan products and access relevant registration information. According to the Ministry of National Health Services, approximately 800 pharmaceutical companies and more than 90,000 medicines are registered with DRAP. The centralised pharmaceutical track-and-trace system became operational across Pakistan on October 9, 2026. The development is important because consumers have historically faced concerns about counterfeit, expired, unregistered and overpriced medicines. The digital system is designed to improve transparency by helping buyers check product information while allowing regulatory authorities to monitor medicines throughout the supply chain. It can also make identifying and recalling particular batches easier when complaints or quality concerns emerge. The idea of introducing a barcode-based medicine verification system was initially proposed in 2015 and received federal cabinet approval in 2017, but implementation faced administrative delays for several years. The latest push towards digital verification represents an important step in improving pharmaceutical monitoring. However, the system’s effectiveness will depend on public awareness, pharmaceutical industry compliance, regulatory enforcement and the ability of consumers to access reliable verification services. The introduction of this technology does not eliminate every risk associated with medicines, but it provides an additional verification mechanism that could help consumers make more informed purchasing decisions.
7 Powerful Ways DRAP’s New App Can Help Fight Fake Medicines
Pakistan’s pharmaceutical market serves millions of people who depend on medicines for everyday healthcare needs.
From common infections and chronic illnesses to emergency treatment, medicines are an essential part of the country’s healthcare system.
However, consumers need confidence that the products they purchase are properly registered and that their packaging and pricing match official information.
The introduction of the Mehfooz Dawa application aims to strengthen this process.
The following seven developments explain how the system works and why it matters.
1. Consumers Can Scan Medicine Barcodes Before Buying
One of the most important features of the new system is the ability to scan 2D barcodes printed on medicine packaging.
Consumers with compatible smartphones can use the Mehfooz Dawa application to scan the code and access information about the medicine.
This provides an additional way to check whether the product corresponds with information registered with DRAP.
Previously, many consumers had limited access to convenient product-verification information at the point of purchase.
They generally depended on packaging information, pharmacy staff and their own understanding of the medicine.
The barcode system introduces a digital verification option.
A consumer can scan the packaging and compare the displayed product information with the medicine being purchased.
This is particularly important when purchasing products that are unfamiliar or when a buyer wants to verify the registered details.
However, consumers should understand that scanning a barcode is an additional verification measure, not a substitute for professional medical advice or purchasing from authorised pharmacies.
2. Medicine Prices Can Be Checked Through the App
Another important feature is price verification.
Medicine prices can be a concern for families, particularly those who regularly purchase prescription products.
Some consumers may find it difficult to determine whether they are being charged the appropriate registered price.
The Mehfooz Dawa system is designed to display registered product prices through barcode scanning.
This can help buyers compare the information displayed by the application with the price being charged.
The feature is particularly relevant for people who purchase medicines frequently.
It can also support greater transparency in pharmaceutical retail transactions.
Why Price Verification Matters
Medicine expenses can place pressure on household budgets.
Families managing long-term health conditions may need to purchase the same medicines repeatedly.
Even small pricing differences can become significant over time.
A digital verification system can provide consumers with an additional reference when checking medicine prices.
It may also help authorities identify cases requiring further investigation.
However, consumers should remember that the application displays registered information, and they should follow the applicable regulatory and pharmacy procedures when reporting suspected overcharging.
3. More Than 90,000 Medicines Are Registered With DRAP
The scale of the system is another important development.
According to Ministry of National Health Services spokesperson Sajid Shah, approximately 800 pharmaceutical companies and more than 90,000 medicines are registered with DRAP.
This demonstrates the size of the pharmaceutical registration database involved in the verification initiative.
Pakistan has a diverse pharmaceutical market containing locally manufactured and imported products.
Maintaining reliable registration information is important for monitoring this market.
The digital system can help connect product information with the medicine packaging.
Why Pharmaceutical Registration Matters
Registration provides a regulatory framework for pharmaceutical products.
It helps authorities maintain information about medicines and the companies responsible for manufacturing or marketing them.
Consumers also benefit from having access to relevant registered product information.
However, registration alone should not be interpreted as a guarantee that every individual medicine pack is free from storage problems, damage or other quality issues.
Proper manufacturing, transportation, storage and distribution remain important.
The Role of Pharmaceutical Companies
The participation of pharmaceutical companies is essential.
Manufacturers and other relevant businesses must comply with applicable barcode and tracking requirements.
They also need to maintain accurate product information.
If information is incomplete or incorrect, the usefulness of the verification system can be affected.
The successful operation of the system therefore depends on cooperation between regulators and pharmaceutical businesses.
4. The National Track-and-Trace System Is Now Operational
The fourth important development is the activation of the centralised pharmaceutical track-and-trace system.
According to the Ministry of National Health Services, the system became operational on October 9, 2026.
Its purpose extends beyond helping consumers check medicines.
It also enables regulatory authorities to monitor pharmaceutical products as they move through the supply chain.
This is important because medicines pass through multiple stages before reaching consumers.
These stages may include manufacturing, packaging, distribution, wholesale supply and retail sales.
Monitoring these movements can help authorities obtain better information about pharmaceutical products.
Understanding Track and Trace
A track-and-trace system connects product information with its movement through the supply chain.
The system is designed to make it easier to identify particular products and batches.
For example, if a complaint is received about a specific medicine batch, authorities may use the available tracking information to investigate the issue.
This can support regulatory action when necessary.
Faster Identification of Problematic Products
One of the potential advantages of the system is improved product identification.
When a quality complaint or safety concern emerges, authorities need accurate information to determine which products may be affected.
A tracking system can help narrow down the relevant products and batches.
This may make investigations and product recalls more efficient.
However, the actual effectiveness depends on the accuracy of information entered throughout the supply chain.
5. Authorities Can Improve Action Against Counterfeit and Expired Medicines
Counterfeit and expired medicines create serious challenges for healthcare regulators.
A medicine that does not meet applicable quality and regulatory requirements can expose consumers to significant risks.
This is why product monitoring and regulatory enforcement are important.
The Mehfooz Dawa system is intended to strengthen these efforts.
By connecting barcode information with registered pharmaceutical records, the system can help identify discrepancies that require investigation.
Why Counterfeit Medicines Are Dangerous
Counterfeit medicines may contain incorrect ingredients, insufficient active ingredients or substances that are not supposed to be present.
Their packaging may also imitate legitimate pharmaceutical products.
Consumers generally cannot establish the complete quality of a medicine simply by looking at its appearance.
This makes regulatory monitoring particularly important.
Expired Medicines Require Attention
Medicines have expiry dates because their quality and effectiveness may change over time.
Storage conditions can also influence product quality.
Consumers should check expiry dates and avoid using medicines that are expired or damaged.
The barcode verification system adds another information channel, but consumers must continue checking packaging and following professional advice.
Stronger Enforcement Is Still Necessary
Technology alone cannot eliminate illegal pharmaceutical activities.
Authorities must investigate complaints, conduct inspections and take appropriate action against businesses violating applicable regulations.
The track-and-trace system can support these activities by providing additional information.
Its success will depend on effective enforcement and consistent monitoring.
6. Consumers Can Benefit From Greater Pharmaceutical Transparency
The sixth development concerns consumer awareness.
Many people purchase medicines without knowing how to verify their registration details.
Some may also have difficulty understanding pharmaceutical packaging or identifying the official price.
A digital verification system can make relevant information easier to access.
The application gives consumers an opportunity to participate more actively in checking the medicines they purchase.
Improving Consumer Confidence
Confidence is an important part of healthcare.
Patients need to trust that the medicines supplied by pharmacies come from legitimate sources.
Digital product information can support this confidence by providing another verification mechanism.
However, consumers should not assume that a successful barcode scan guarantees every aspect of medicine quality.
The source, condition, storage and handling of the medicine also matter.
Making Information More Accessible
Smartphone-based verification can help people obtain information without needing to understand complicated regulatory documents.
This can be especially useful for consumers who regularly purchase different medicines.
The system also creates an opportunity to improve public awareness about pharmaceutical registration.
Supporting Informed Purchasing Decisions
Consumers can use available information to ask more informed questions when purchasing medicines.
If the scanned information does not match the packaging, the buyer can seek clarification from the pharmacist or contact the relevant regulatory authority.
This can help identify possible problems before a product is used.
7. Pakistan Is Moving Towards a More Digital Pharmaceutical Market
The final development is the broader digital transformation of pharmaceutical regulation.
Pakistan’s barcode initiative has a long history.
The idea was initially proposed in 2015 and approved by the federal cabinet in 2017.
However, administrative delays prevented its implementation for several years.
The latest operational rollout represents progress towards a more digitally monitored pharmaceutical market.
From Traditional Monitoring to Digital Verification
Traditional pharmaceutical monitoring relies on inspections, documentation and regulatory procedures.
These remain important, but digital systems can provide additional tools.
A centralised database can make product information easier to access and organise.
It can also help authorities identify information about particular products.
Why Digital Regulation Matters
The pharmaceutical market is large and complex.
Monitoring thousands of products and hundreds of manufacturers requires organised information.
Digital systems can help regulators improve the efficiency of some monitoring activities.
They may also support faster communication when a particular product requires attention.
The Importance of Continued Investment
Maintaining a digital pharmaceutical system requires ongoing investment.
Authorities need reliable technology, trained personnel and updated databases.
Pharmaceutical companies also need systems that support accurate product identification.
The system must remain accessible and functional for consumers.
Continued investment will therefore be important for achieving its long-term objectives.
What Is the Mehfooz Dawa App?
Mehfooz Dawa is DRAP’s medicine verification platform designed to help consumers access registered pharmaceutical product information.
It is connected to Pakistan’s centralised medicine track-and-trace initiative.
The system uses 2D barcodes printed on medicine packaging.
Consumers can scan these codes using a compatible smartphone to retrieve relevant product information.
The purpose is to improve transparency and make pharmaceutical verification more accessible.
How Does the Application Work?
The basic process involves scanning the 2D barcode printed on a medicine pack.
The system then checks the code against available pharmaceutical information.
Consumers can view relevant product details and registered prices.
This creates an additional verification step before purchasing medicines.
What Information Can Consumers Check?
The system is designed to provide information associated with the registered pharmaceutical product.
This includes product details and its registered price.
The information can help consumers compare the scanned product with the packaging and the price being charged.
Does the Application Replace a Pharmacist?
No.
The application is not intended to replace pharmacists, doctors or other qualified healthcare professionals.
It is a regulatory verification tool.
Consumers should continue consulting qualified professionals regarding medicine selection, dosage, interactions and treatment.
The application helps with product-information verification rather than making medical decisions.
How to Use Mehfooz Dawa to Check Medicines
Consumers interested in using the system should follow a careful verification process.
The application is intended to make checking medicines more accessible.
The following steps explain the basic process.
Step 1: Access the Official DRAP Platform
Consumers should begin by accessing DRAP’s official medicine track-and-trace platform.
The official portal is available here:
Users should ensure that they are accessing an official government service rather than an imitation website.
Step 2: Locate the 2D Barcode
Check the medicine packaging for its 2D barcode.
The barcode is used to connect the physical medicine pack with its registered digital information.
Consumers should make sure that the packaging is not damaged in a way that prevents scanning.
Step 3: Open the Barcode Scanner
Open the relevant scanning feature through the official Mehfooz Dawa platform.
Follow the instructions displayed by the system.
The official portal provides a medicine 2D barcode scanner.
Step 4: Position Your Smartphone
Place the barcode within the camera’s scanning area.
The official portal advises holding the medicine approximately 15–25 centimetres away until the barcode becomes clear.
Make sure the barcode is properly visible.
Step 5: Review the Product Information
After scanning, review the information returned by the system.
Compare the product details with the medicine packaging.
Check whether the displayed registered information matches the medicine you intend to purchase.
Step 6: Compare the Registered Price
Review the price information displayed by the system.
Compare it with the price being charged by the pharmacy.
If there is a discrepancy, ask the pharmacist for clarification.
Step 7: Report Suspicious Information
If the information does not match, or if the barcode produces an unexpected result, do not simply assume the product is counterfeit.
Ask the pharmacist to clarify the issue and seek guidance from DRAP through its official complaint channels.
Keep the medicine packaging and purchase information available if you need to report a concern.
Why Pakistan Needs Stronger Protection Against Fake Medicines
The introduction of the verification system highlights an important public-health issue.
Access to safe and properly regulated medicines is essential for every community.
Patients depend on pharmaceutical products to manage illnesses, recover from infections and maintain their health.
When confidence in medicine quality is weakened, the consequences can extend beyond individual purchases.
The Impact on Patients
Patients may face serious difficulties if they receive medicines that do not meet required quality standards.
An ineffective product may fail to provide the intended treatment.
A product containing inappropriate ingredients may create additional health risks.
These concerns demonstrate why pharmaceutical quality control is important.
The Impact on Families
Medicine expenses are already an important part of household budgets.
Families managing chronic conditions may need regular access to pharmaceutical products.
They also need confidence that the products they purchase are properly registered and priced.
Digital verification can provide an additional source of information.
The Impact on Healthcare Professionals
Doctors and pharmacists depend on reliable pharmaceutical products when providing treatment.
The presence of counterfeit or substandard products can complicate healthcare delivery.
Better monitoring can support confidence in the supply chain.
The Impact on Pharmaceutical Businesses
Legitimate pharmaceutical companies also have an interest in preventing counterfeit products.
Fake products can damage consumer confidence and create unfair competition.
A properly implemented tracking system may help distinguish registered products and support regulatory investigations.
Why the Barcode System Took So Long to Introduce
One of the notable details about the new system is its long history.
The idea of introducing medicine barcodes was first proposed in 2015.
The federal cabinet approved the initiative in 2017.
However, the system did not become fully operational for several years because of administrative delays.
This history highlights the challenges involved in implementing large regulatory projects.
Planning Is Not the Same as Implementation
Government initiatives often require several stages.
These can include policy approval, technical planning, infrastructure development, regulatory coordination and operational testing.
A project may receive approval but still face difficulties before becoming functional.
The medicine barcode initiative demonstrates this distinction.
Coordination Between Government Departments
Pharmaceutical monitoring involves multiple stakeholders.
These include regulators, government departments, manufacturers, distributors and pharmacies.
An effective digital system requires coordination between them.
Information must be recorded and updated accurately.
Technical Infrastructure
A nationwide tracking system requires suitable technical infrastructure.
The system must be capable of handling large amounts of pharmaceutical information.
It also needs reliable access for the people and organisations using it.
Industry Participation
Manufacturers and other supply-chain participants must follow the relevant requirements.
If some participants fail to provide accurate information, the system’s usefulness may be affected.
This makes industry compliance an important part of the implementation process.
What Consumers Should Know Before Trusting a Medicine Barcode
Although the new system provides a useful verification facility, consumers should understand its limitations.
A barcode is an information tool, not a complete medical or laboratory examination.
It can help verify registered product information, but it does not independently establish every aspect of the physical medicine’s quality.
A Successful Scan Is Not a Guarantee of Everything
Consumers should not assume that a successful barcode scan automatically proves that a medicine has been stored correctly or remains in suitable condition.
Packaging, expiry dates, storage and other product information remain important.
Check the Packaging
Medicine packaging should be inspected before purchase.
Consumers should look for signs of damage, tampering or unusual changes.
They should also check the product name, manufacturer and expiry information.
Buy From Authorised Pharmacies
Purchasing medicines from licensed and authorised outlets is an important precaution.
Consumers should avoid purchasing pharmaceutical products from suspicious sellers or unverified online sources.
Do Not Ignore Expiry Dates
A medicine should not be used after its expiry date.
Consumers should also follow the storage instructions provided with the product.
Consult Qualified Healthcare Professionals
People should not start, stop or change prescribed treatment simply because of information displayed by an application.
A doctor or pharmacist can provide appropriate guidance.
What Happens If a Medicine Barcode Does Not Scan?
This is an important question for consumers using the new verification system.
A failed scan does not automatically establish that a medicine is counterfeit.
There can be different reasons why a barcode might not scan.
Damaged Packaging
The barcode may be damaged or difficult to read.
In this situation, the scanner may not recognise the code.
Camera or Lighting Problems
Smartphone cameras require a clear view of the barcode.
Poor lighting, movement or an incorrect scanning distance may affect the result.
Technical Problems
Temporary internet or platform issues may prevent the system from returning information.
Consumers should consider these possibilities before reaching a conclusion.
Product Information Discrepancies
If the barcode scans but displays information that does not match the medicine packaging, the discrepancy should be taken seriously.
The consumer should seek clarification from the pharmacist and contact DRAP if necessary.
Older Pharmaceutical Stock
Consumers should also recognise that the barcode system was introduced through a regulatory rollout.
A missing barcode alone should not be treated as definitive proof of counterfeit medicine.
The relevant manufacturing and implementation requirements should be considered.
When uncertain, consumers should ask a licensed pharmacist or contact the regulator.
The Role of DRAP in Protecting Medicine Consumers
The Drug Regulatory Authority of Pakistan is responsible for important aspects of pharmaceutical regulation.
Its work includes regulating therapeutic goods and supporting standards related to their safety, quality and effectiveness.
The introduction of the Mehfooz Dawa platform represents another step in strengthening its digital monitoring capabilities.
Pharmaceutical Registration
Registration helps maintain official information about medicines and the companies responsible for them.
This information is important for regulatory oversight.
Monitoring Pharmaceutical Products
Authorities need systems that allow them to identify products and investigate complaints.
Track-and-trace technology can support this process.
Product Recalls
When a particular batch is associated with a quality or safety concern, authorities may need to identify and recall affected products.
Tracking information can make this process easier.
Public Awareness
Consumers also need clear information about how to purchase and verify medicines.
DRAP’s efforts to promote the application are part of this wider awareness process.
How the New System Could Help Pakistan’s Pharmaceutical Industry
The benefits of digital medicine tracking may extend beyond individual consumers.
The pharmaceutical industry also needs a reliable regulatory environment.
Improved Supply-Chain Visibility
A track-and-trace system can help create better visibility into pharmaceutical distribution.
This can support the identification of products and their movement through the supply chain.
Stronger Regulatory Oversight
Digital information can help authorities investigate complaints and monitor compliance.
It may also help identify suspicious product information.
Greater Consumer Confidence
Consumers who have access to reliable product information may feel more confident when purchasing medicines.
This can support trust in legitimate pharmaceutical businesses.
Better Product Recall Management
When a particular batch requires a recall, accurate tracking information can help authorities identify the affected products.
This can reduce the difficulty of locating products within a complex supply chain.
Encouraging Digital Innovation
The system also demonstrates the potential of digital technology in public-sector regulation.
Similar approaches may be useful in other areas where product authenticity and supply-chain monitoring are important.
Seven Challenges That Could Affect the Success of Mehfooz Dawa
Despite its potential benefits, the system faces practical challenges.
Its success will depend on how effectively these issues are addressed.
1. Public Awareness
Many consumers may not know that the application exists.
Authorities need to communicate its purpose and demonstrate how to use it.
Public awareness campaigns can help increase adoption.
2. Smartphone Accessibility
Not every consumer has access to a compatible smartphone or reliable internet.
Alternative verification and complaint channels remain important.
3. Accurate Pharmaceutical Information
The system depends on accurate product registration and barcode information.
Incorrect or outdated records could create difficulties.
4. Industry Compliance
Manufacturers and other relevant businesses must follow applicable requirements.
Regulatory monitoring is necessary to ensure compliance.
5. Pharmacy Awareness
Pharmacy staff should understand the verification process.
They can help consumers who need assistance using the system.
6. Technical Reliability
The application and supporting platform need to remain accessible.
Technical problems could discourage consumers from using the service.
7. Effective Complaint Handling
Consumers need a clear process for reporting suspicious products and discrepancies.
Reports should be assessed through appropriate regulatory procedures.
What the Government Should Do Next
The introduction of the digital system is an important development, but implementation should continue beyond the initial launch.
Several measures could strengthen its long-term impact.
Expand Public Awareness Campaigns
Government departments should explain how consumers can use Mehfooz Dawa.
Information should be provided in Urdu and regional languages.
Simple demonstrations could help people understand the scanning process.
Improve Digital Accessibility
The system should remain easy to use for people with different levels of technical knowledge.
Clear instructions and accessible complaint channels can improve participation.
Strengthen Pharmaceutical Inspections
Digital tracking should complement physical inspections and other regulatory activities.
Authorities need to continue investigating complaints and enforcing pharmaceutical standards.
Maintain Accurate Databases
Product registration information should be updated regularly.
Accurate records are essential for reliable verification.
Encourage Pharmacy Participation
Licensed pharmacies should understand the system and guide customers where necessary.
Their participation can help make digital verification a normal part of medicine purchasing.
Improve Consumer Complaint Mechanisms
People should know where to report discrepancies, suspicious products and pricing concerns.
Clear reporting procedures can help authorities respond more effectively.
Monitor the System’s Performance
The government should regularly evaluate how the system is performing.
Important indicators could include the number of registered products, successful scans, complaints investigated and product recalls supported by tracking information.
Transparent reporting would help the public understand the system’s progress.
What This Development Means for Ordinary Pakistanis
The most important aspect of this development is its potential impact on everyday consumers.
A person purchasing medicine from a pharmacy may now have another way to check product information.
This can be particularly useful for families that purchase medicines regularly.
For Parents
Parents frequently purchase medicines for children.
They need confidence that the products they buy are properly registered and suitable for their intended use.
The barcode system offers an additional product-information check.
For Elderly Citizens
Older people may require several medicines for different health conditions.
Their families can use available verification information to help check product details and registered prices.
For Patients With Long-Term Conditions
People who regularly purchase medicines may benefit from greater price transparency.
The system can also help them compare product information.
For Rural Communities
Digital verification could be useful in areas where consumers have limited access to regulatory information.
However, reliable internet access and smartphone availability will influence how widely the service can be used.
For Low-Income Families
Medicine expenses can create financial pressure.
The price-verification feature may help consumers identify discrepancies and ask questions before completing purchases.
Future Outlook: Can Digital Tracking Reduce Fake Medicines in Pakistan?
Pakistan’s new pharmaceutical verification initiative represents a promising development.
However, its long-term success will depend on several factors.
Wider Consumer Adoption
The system needs to become familiar to ordinary consumers.
People must understand that scanning a barcode is a practical way to access product information.
Stronger Regulatory Enforcement
Digital technology should support inspections, investigations and appropriate action against violations.
A tracking system cannot replace effective regulatory enforcement.
Greater Industry Cooperation
Pharmaceutical manufacturers and supply-chain participants must maintain accurate information.
Their cooperation is essential for the system to work effectively.
Continuous Technical Improvements
The application and tracking platform will need ongoing maintenance and development.
Improvements in accessibility and reliability can encourage more people to use the service.
Internationally Competitive Standards
A transparent pharmaceutical regulatory environment can support confidence in the country’s medicine market.
Better product monitoring may also help legitimate pharmaceutical businesses operate within a more organised system.
However, international competitiveness will require improvements across manufacturing, quality control, regulatory compliance and distribution.
Conclusion
Pakistan’s introduction of the Mehfooz Dawa verification system represents an important development in the country’s pharmaceutical regulation. The initiative provides consumers with another way to check registered medicine information and prices through 2D barcode scanning.
The latest announcement from DRAP highlights the importance of tackling counterfeit, expired, unregistered and overpriced medicines. With approximately 800 pharmaceutical companies and more than 90,000 registered medicines, the system has the potential to improve transparency across a large pharmaceutical market.
The centralised track-and-trace system, operational since October 9, 2026, also provides authorities with additional tools to monitor pharmaceutical products throughout the supply chain. Its ability to support product identification and potential recalls could become particularly important when quality complaints emerge.
However, technology alone cannot solve every problem. Accurate databases, industry compliance, effective inspections, public awareness and accessible complaint procedures will remain essential.
For ordinary Pakistanis, the most practical step is to become familiar with the official verification service and use it as an additional source of product information when purchasing medicines. Consumers should continue buying from authorised pharmacies, checking expiry dates and consulting qualified healthcare professionals.
The success of this initiative will ultimately depend on whether it becomes a reliable and widely used part of everyday pharmaceutical purchasing.
Pakistan has taken an important step towards digital medicine monitoring. The next challenge is ensuring that the system delivers lasting improvements in consumer protection, pharmaceutical transparency and public confidence.
Source: Dawn – DRAP Urges App Use to Curb Fake, Pricey Medicines | DRAP – Official Mehfooz Dawa Track-and-Trace Portal | AAJ News – Government’s Medicine Verification App | ProPakistani – New Government App to Verify Medicine Authenticity and Prices
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